http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=90 Numéros en texte intégral fr Thu, 14 Nov 2024 15:42:58 +0100 Fri, 13 Mar 2026 10:09:40 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=90 0 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=124 In our overview we endeavour to present the current state of research as regards the Levantine Upper Palaeolithic sequence from the Initial Upper Palaeolithic onwards, with particular emphasis upon the relationship between the Ahmarian and Aurignacian techno-complexes. It seems to us that the Euro-centric bias in the interpretations of the local data, initially apparent in the writings of the pioneer researchers of Levantine prehistory can still be traced, at least to a degree, in present-day studies. Thu, 14 Nov 2024 17:13:35 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=124 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=173 Excavations in 2009 and 2010 at Aghitu–3 Cave in the Syunik Province of southern Armenia yield new insights into the Upper Paleolithic settlement of the Armenian Highlands. The site is situated at an elevation of 1601 m in a side valley of the Vorotan River. The river cuts down through Pleistocene basalt flows and provides a corridor for the movement of people and game through the region. Sediments that accumulated in this basaltic cave are composed mainly of silt, clay minerals and volcanic ash. The archaeological layers preserve evidence of periodic human occupations dating to ca. 35–27 000 cal BP. Caves from the Upper Paleolithic were not previously known in Armenia, although contemporaneous sites exist in neighboring Georgia and Iran. The lithic industry at Aghitu–3 is laminar with a strong focus on the production of bladelets made of obsidian and chert. While completely backed pieces are rare, the majority of tools are represented by finely retouched bladelets. The choice of raw material did not affect the desired end products. Our preliminary interpretation is that this distinctly Upper Paleolithic toolkit was oriented towards the production of hunting equipment and was technologically stable over an extended timeframe. The lower assemblage dates to ca. 35–31 000 cal BP and suggests sparse occupation of the cave. Lithic artifacts are few and cluster near small combustion features. The poorly preserved faunal remains of the lower layers do not appear to be associated with the lithic remains. The bones often appear to be gastrically etched, suggesting accumulation by large carnivores such as wolves. On the other hand, the upper assemblage dates to ca. 29–27 000 cal BP and indicates more frequent occupation by humans. In these finely stratified layers, lithic artifacts are numerous, and combustion features are common. The well preserved, but highly fragmented faunal remains from the upper layers exhibit more indications of carcass processing, such as green breaks and impact fractures. Wild sheep and wild goat dominate the faunal assemblage, with horse and hare also present. Combining the faunal identifications with ecological data gained from microfauna, pollen and charcoal, a mosaic landscape comes into focus : grassland on the level basaltic plateau, interrupted by a steep rocky valley sloping down to the Vorotan, where a riparian environment prevails. The data also suggest an environment that was cooler and moister than today, a picture echoed by preliminary micromorphological results showing cycles of freezing and thawing. Thus we interpret these data as evidence for increasing occupation of Aghitu–3 Cave, which served as a temporary hunting camp. While it is clear that the older occupations of the cave were ephemeral, during the time leading up to the last glacial maximum, occupation became more frequent. Tue, 19 Nov 2024 15:51:40 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=173 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=180 In the Levant, the origins of the Upper Palaeolithic is closely linked to the question of modern human emergence. This paper reviews a century of research on the subject. The history of discoveries in Mount Carmel (1900-1945) is argued to have particular importance in shaping the debate, yielding both archaeological and physical anthropological remain that were initially considered to be “transitional” between modern humans and their Neanderthal predecessors. This perspective changed dramatically in the 1980s, with the introduction of the Replacement hypothesis, necessitating a new view of the IUP as a foreign, intrusive industry into the Levant. In recent years, distinctions between species in the Levant have been called into question, while ancient DNA evidence suggests there was genetic admixture between early humans and Neanderthal populations somewhere in the greater Near East. There is no archaeological evidence for a movement of peoples out of Africa, nor is there evidence for complete cultural continuity. New data from the Arabian Peninsula show that the most likely precursor of Levantine IUP technology was the Arabian Nubian technocomplex. Therefore, we argue that the Levantine IUP developed at the interface of the southern Levant and northern Arabian Peninsula. Tue, 19 Nov 2024 15:57:43 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=180 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=183 The results of petroarcheological research conducted by the authors based on materials sites of Ust-Menza I and II in the Western Transbaikalia are presented in the given work. A full analysis of these sites’ collections was made and proved that artifacts on jasper, chalcedony and flint (in total, 69%) dominate in the levels of Ust-Menza I site. Similar to the Ust-Menza I raw material data of flint, jasper and chalcedony also prevail (all together 59 %) among the Ust-Menza II artifacts. To find out the source of these high quality raw materials the data on the distribution of these rocks in the region were used. As a result, it was found out that the sources of raw materials were removed from the Ust-Menza sites at a minimum distance of 150 km. in a straight line. Thus, we believe that the absence of vitally necessary minerals and rocks in the significant part of the territory of Western Trans-Baikal region forced Paleolithic humans to move permanently in order to replenish stocks of these raw materials. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:09:06 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=183 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=191 In our article we deal with three Upper Paleolithic cave sites, which are located in Upper Imereti region just in few km from each other (2–6 km). These are already well-known sites - Ortvala Klde, Dzudzuana Cave and newly discovered Bondi Cave. The landscapes, where these caves are situated, are the similar. All of them are located in parallel gorges. The distance between the gorges is 4–8 km. According to pollen analysis and obtained dating, the environment around these caves was the similar. The inhabitants of Dzudzuana and Bondi caves were hunting mostly on bisons and equses. At the same time the Neanderthals and the Modern humans of Ortvala Klde traditionally were extracting the Capra caucasuica (95 %). The industry of Bondi and Dzudzuana caves is more or less similar but there are differences as well-the microliths are dominated in the material of Dzudzuana. The blade and bladelet oriented technology are represented in both sites. The blade technology is represented in Ortvala Klde as well, but there are some Aurignacian features which are better represented in this cave than in other above-mentioned sites. Co-existence of Aurignacian and Gravettian features is one of the characters of Upper Paleolithic of Western Georgia. In Bondi and Dzudzuana caves there were discovered the most ancient flax and colored fibers dated from 35000–34000. Perhaps the differences between those contemporary sites can be explained by different economical activities of different groups, or by distribution of the habitat areas between them. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:13:32 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=191 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=195 Dans l’espace géographique pris en considération, situé entre les Carpates Orientaux et le Dniestr, on a identifiées trois zones avec les habitats appartenant au Paléolithique supérieur ancien (Aurignacien) et récent (Gravettien) : les terrasses inférieures et moyennes des rivières Bistrita : Cetatica I et II, Podis, Dartu, Bistricioara-Lutarie, Poiana Ciresului, etc. ; Prut : Mitoc-Malu Galben, Ripiceni-Izvor, Crasnaleuca, Cotu Miculinti (Roumanie), Costesti (R. de Moldavie) et Dniestr : Molodova (Ucraine), Cosauti (R. de Moldavie) etc. La création matérielle et spirituelle des communautés humaines présente certains éléments communs : la matière première, même allogène, la typologie des outils en pierre et en matières dures animales, pièces d’art et de parure, partout avec les spécificités de leur création matérielle et spirituelle. Nous prenons en considération l’existence des rapports entre les communautés humaines situées sur les terrasses de la Bistrita, avec celles situées sur les terrasses du Prut et du Dniestr, moyennant plusieurs axes d’analyse : 1, matières premières allogènes, identifiées comme supports ou comme pièces finies dans les outillages lithiques de chaque gisement ; 2, la présence des fragments d’ivoire de mammouth en certains sites paléolithiques : à Mitoc, ou sur la Vallée de la Bistriţa, tout comme d’autres restes paléofaunistiques identifiés, représentant une caractéristiques générale ; 3, pièces d’art mobilier ou de parure, découvertes dans les niveaux d’habitat de tout l’espace géographique carpato-dniestréen ; 4, l’identification de certaines cultures ou facies archéologiques spécifiques à la zone géographique pruto-dniestréenne. In the geographical area taken into consideration, located between the Oriental Carpathians and the Dniester, we identified three areas with habitats belonging to the old Upper Palaeolithic (Aurignacian) and recent (Gravettian) : the lower and middle terraces of Bistrita river : Cetatica I et II, Podis, Dartu, Bistricioara-Lutarie, Poiana Ciresului, etc. ; Pruth : Mitoc-Malu Galben, Ripiceni-Izvor, Crasnaleuca, Cotu Miculinti (Roumanie), Costesti (R. de Moldavie) and Dniestr: Molodova (Ucraine), Cosauti (R. de Moldavie), etc. The material and spiritual creation of human communities shows some common elements : the raw material (including coming from outside), the typology of stone tools and hard animal materials, pieces of art and adornment, all with the specifics of their material and spiritual creation. We consider the existence of relationships between human communities on the terraces of the Bistrita river, with those on the terraces of the Prut and the Dniester rivers, through several axes of analysis : 1, raw foreign materials, identified as supports or as finished artifacts in the tool inventory of each site 2, the presence of mammoth ivory fragments in some Paleolithic sites : Mitoc or on the Bistrita Valley, as well as other paleofaunistic identified remains, representing general characteristics ; 3 pieces of portable art or adornment, found in the habitat levels throughout the Carpatho - dniestrien geographical area ; 4, the identification of certain cultures or specific archaeological facies to pruto-dniestrien geographical area. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:20:33 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=195 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=210 The Great North Black Sea region envelopes very most of the south of Eastern Europe. The Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) starts at ca. 36 ky BP uncalibrated and Late Middle Paleolithic (LMP) only survives until ca. 36 – 35 ky BP uncalibrated there. The EUP period in Great North Black Sea region (ca. 36 – 28 000 BP uncalibrated) is represented by a series of various industries : “Eastern Szeletian” and “Streletskaya culture”, Proto-Aurignacian, Southern Caucasus EUP, Late / Evolved Aurignacian, Levantine Aurignacian A, B & C types. The conducted comparative analyses allowed me to propose the following 8 (eight) EUP human migrations into the Great North Black Sea region : from the North, from East European Plain – for “Eastern Szeletian” and “Streletskaya culture” migration; from the West, from Europe – for two Proto-Aurignacian and one Late / Evolved Aurignacian migrations ; from the South, from Caucasus – for Southern Caucasus EUP migration ; from the South, from the Levant – for Levantine Aurignacian A, B & C migrations. As a result, the south of Eastern Europe was indeed a crossroad for a “crowd” of various EUP human communities. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:25:17 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=210 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=219 Located along the Dnieper, south of Dniepropetrovsk, the Mira site shows a thick succession of fluviatile sands capped by loess-like deposits. It included two cultural layers dated between 27.8 and 26.6 ka BP, preserved in a 55 cm thick fine alluvial deposit interbedded in the sands. Data on palaeopedology and palynology point to rather cool and dry conditions during a final phase of the Middle Pleniglacial, with meadow vegetation along the river banks and steppe vegetation on plateau. The upper cultural layer with abundant faunal remains and lithics included an archaic industry combining both Middle and Upper Palaeolithic features, and contained a remain of anatomically modern human. The lower cultural layer included a more advanced industry of Upper Palaeolithic appearance. With regard to its geographical position between Kostienki on the Don and the Carpathians, the Mira site provides new insight on the diversity of the Early Upper Palaeolithic at the end of the Middle Pleniglacial in the Russian Plain. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:33:53 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=219 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=226 The long-term excavations of the LUP settlement of Gontsy (Ukraine), with its mammoth bone huts and associated with a mammoth bone bed, has allowed to reconstitute quite all the pieces of the puzzle of this type of settlements and the major role of the economy of mammoth in the Mezinian peopling of the middle and upper Dnepr basin (Ukraine and Russia). The settlements are generally sharing the same geomorphology of the location on a promontory cut by ravines on the slope of a river valley. The dwelling area is organized around mammoth bone huts, numerous pits around each hut, large working areas with hearths, dumping areas, butchering area for small and medium mammals and the existence of a mammoth bone bed, which has been largely exploited during the occupation of the settlement. The landscape analysis, using the information from the mapping, the functions and the seasonality of the settlements, is characterizing a particular system based on the economy of mammoth, limited to a short period between 15 000 and 14 000 BP at the beginning of the climatic change ending the last ice age. The network connections are supported by the raw material procurement on outcrops, particularly the flint and the shells, but also the amber, demonstrating the long distance travelling of the hunter-gatherer groups, both for the yearly discovery of the next settlement and during the annual cycle for various seasonal procurement. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:37:07 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=226 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=229 During the 1983 UISPP congress in Liège, F. Mogoșanu presented the results of his earlier investigations on the Paleolithic in the Romanian Banat. The Upper Paleolithic of this area was viewed as a chronologically late manifestation of the Central European Krems-Dufour type Aurignacian. After a long break in research, new investigations in the settlements at Coșava, Româneşti-Dumbrăviţa and Tincova have been undertaken, leading to an improved knowledge of the regional Upper Paleolithic. The present contribution reports the first results of the comparative techno-typological and attribute analysis of the lithic assemblages at Tincova, Coșava and Româneşti-Dumbrăviţa, involving both old and recently excavated collections. Strengthening the conclusions reached by the lithic studies, the first chronometric assessments (TL and OSL) for the recently excavated open-air site of Româneşti-Dumbrăviţa I place the Aurignacian of this site into an early stage of this technocomplex. However, the attempt for incorporating the regional record into the European Early Upper Paleolithic context remains difficult and raises serious issues regarding the acknowledged divisions of the European Aurignacian and, consequently, the expansion of this cultural phenomenon across Europe. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:44:59 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=229 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=239 New field project together with reassessment of lithic assemblages collected during the last decades help to better characterize the Early Upper Paleolithic in Romanian Danube Plain. The Vădastra Palaeolithic material present features (aurignacian blades, endsrapers on blades, carinated endscrapers and scarcity of the burins) which are characteristic of an “Early” Aurignacian. The main assemblage of Ciuperceni-la Vii1 whose age is older than 30 ± 3 ka (IRSL date for the upperlying loess) indicate a locale of knapping activity where blades, bladelets and flakes where produced. The low number of retouched pieces most of them are not diagnostic to a specific cultural affinity. An exceptional tool type is rabots which could not assist in attributing the assemblage to a particular techno-complex. The scarcity of tool in the assemblage is similar to the assemblage of Giurgiu-Malu Roşu whose age is younger. Raw material acquisition indicates a wider exploitation of the landscape within the Danube Plain. The low number of Early Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Romanian Danube Plain is most probably a result of taphonomic effects rather than an outcome of rare human presence. De nouveaux travaux de terrain et une réévaluation de séries lithiques provenant de fouilles réalisées lors des dernières décennies permettent de mieux caractériser le Paléolithique supérieur ancien de la Plaine roumaine du Danube. Le matériel paléolithique de Vădastra est attribuable à un Aurignacien ancien par la présence, notamment, de lames aurignaciennes, de grattoirs sur bout de lame, de grattoirs carénés en nombre important ainsi que par la rareté des burins. La série lithique principale de Ciuperceni-La Vii 1, dont l’âge est plus ancien que 30 ± 3 ka (date IRSL obtenue dans le loess sus-jacent) correspond à un atelier dont le débitage est orienté vers la production de lames, lamelles et éclats. Le faible nombre des outils, qui comprennent notamment des « rabots », ne facilite pas une attribution culturelle. La situation est la même pour le matériel plus récent de Giurgiu-Malu Roşu qui correspond également à faciès d’atelier. Les caractéristiques des matières premières utilisées donnent quelques indications sur l’exploitation du paysage dans la Plaine du Danube. La rareté des industries lithiques du Paléolithique supérieur ancien dans la Plaine roumaine du Danube semble être plus la conséquence de facteurs taphonomiques que d’une faible présence humaine. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:52:31 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=239 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=244 In order to understand human spatial behavior in the Paleolithic and related processes such as dispersal and mobility, it is urgently imperative to focus on a finer grained analysis of human-environment interactions than usually provided. Recent studies tend to overlook the explanatory value of single natural features establishing important anchor points for Paleolithic hunter-gatherer groups. Rivers are good candidates constituting such important natural features. We thus explore the role of salient rivers in the construction of Upper Paleolithic cultural landscapes through time. It is argued that rivers indeed played a crucial role, either as axes of communication and displacement or as referential frontier features in space. On the other hand, it seems clear that human river engagement was never static, but highly dynamic and variable both through space and time, because it is partly shaped by cultural conceptualizations and embedded in semantic webs. We finish our survey with the observation that in the Early Upper Paleolithic, rivers were mainly used to facilitate the flow of people and information, whereas the spatial consolidation after the colonization of Europe was accompanied by a tendency of conceptualizing rivers as frontiers or even boundaries. Only the Central European Magdalenian is again characterized by the use of rivers as spatial trajectories. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 15:57:22 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=244 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=247 In his paper the lithic Raw material supply systems in the Late Gravettian of the western Slovakia and southern Poland were presented. The analysis of raw material structure in the Shouldered Points horizon shows the differences between the sites in the Vah valley and the Upper Vistula and Oder basins. In the Vah valley the meso- and extralocal raw materials are most frequent and their processing concentrated in base camps or ephemeral multi-functional camps. In the Upper Vistula basin independently of multi-functional camps separate specialized activity zones appear : lithic workshops and butchering sites/zones. The different functions could be determined by the seasonality of occupations. L’approvisionnement en matières premières lithiques dans le Gravettien Tardif est presenté sur les deux côtés des Carpathes occidentales : Slovaquie occidentale et Pologne méridionale. L’analyse des sites de l’horizon à pointes a cran montre une différence entre la vallée de Vah en Slovaquie et le bassin supérieur de la Vistule et de l’Oder en Pologne méridionale. Si dans la première région les matières premières méso- et extra-locales prédominent et la taille lithique est concentrée dans les camps de base (éventuellement camps éphémères), dans la deuxième region apparaissent les zones d’activités specialisées comme les ateliers de taille ou les sites de boucherie. Les différences fonctionnelles entre les sites pourraient correspondre aussi à leur saisonnalité. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 16:10:45 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=247 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=258 Rock resources in the territory of Hungary yielded a large variety of knapped tool stone materials in the Palaeolithic. Flint materials from north and east of the arch of the Carpathians are also present in the Middle and Late Upper Palaeolithic record of Hungary, especially in Gravettian and Epigravettian assemblages. Distant raw materials are often indicative of connections between remote areas. The Hungarian archaeological record shows that from ca. 28 to 13 k years BP there is decrease in the proportions of distant flints at the Last Glacial Maximum. The highest ratio of distant materials appears after the withdrawal of the ice sheet between 17 and 13 k years BP. Therefore climatic conditions seem to have influenced distant connections. Connections could have been direct, and the distant flints in the archaeological assemblage represents an adherence to high quality materials. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 16:24:38 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=258 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=272 Andornaktálya-Zúgó est un des sites en plein air de la région d’Eger au pied de la montagne de Bükk (Hongrie du nord). Découvert par prospections d’amateur dans les années 1980, sa particularité résidait dans la forte présence de silex d’origine polonaise. Pour cette raison, il a été fouillé par une équipe hongro-polonaise en 2002 et 2004. La stratigraphie a révélé l’existence d’un paléosol brunâtre, daté à 30 ka BP par AMS sur charbon de bois. Les artefacts ont été mis au jour dans la partie supérieure du paléosol, partiellement perturbée par l’agriculture. L’industrie est homogène et peut être attribuée à l’Aurignacien tardif, connu sur les sites de la Slovaquie orientale (Barca, Seňa, Kechnec) et de la Moravie (Karolín I, Určice) qui datent d’entre 28 et 24,5 ka BP. L’assemblage lithique du site d’Andornaktálya-Zúgó présente une gamme de matières premières dominée par l’obsidienne, le silex de la Silésie et certains limnoquartzites. Ils sont accompagnés de radiolarites, quartz-porphyre, opalites, chaille, marne silicifiée, grès silicifié, et d’autres silex de la Pologne du sud et de l’Ukraine de l’ouest. Tenant compte des conditions géographiques et des distances qui influencent l’accessibilité des sources, nous avons distingué six zones d’approvisionnement des habitants du site. La zone I embrasse les sources proches du site au pied de la montagne. La zone II comprend les sources se situant au côté opposé ou à l’intérieur de la montagne de Bükk. La zone III se constitue des montagnes voisines dont celle de Tokaj-Prešov qui s’étand jusqu’en Slovaquie de l’est. La zone IV signifie les sources de radiolarites de la Slovaquie de l’ouest. La zone V est représentée par les sources de silex en Pologne du sud devant la chaîne des Carpates, tandis que la zone VI l’est par les sources de silex plus lointaines (Świeciechów et la vallée du Dniestr). L’étude technologique de l’assemblage lithique a démontré que les hommes préhistoriques avaient traité l’obsidienne (provenant d’une distance de 80–120 km – zone III) et le silex de Silésie (350–400 km – zone V) à la même manière que les matières premières locales. Les zones III et V concernent les territoires où se trouvent des industries d’attribution taxonomique similaire. La stratégie particulière d’économie de matière première à Andornaktálya nous permet de concluer à l’existences de contacts directs et réguliers avec les autres groupes mentionnés. D’après certaines considérations, la réalisation de ces contacts est envisagée sous forme d’expéditions. Thu, 21 Nov 2024 16:36:24 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=272 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=274 Recent investigations in Serbia and Montenegro have filled the gap in our knowledge of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Balkans providing us with a better understanding of the factors which influenced the appearance of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic techno-complexes in this region. In contrast to the east Balkans, the continuity between Middle and Upper Palaeolithic do exist when it concerns the inhabiting of primary ecological zones but it could not be followed when technology and settlement pattern are concerned. The dating of Šalitrena cave has revealed that Vindija cave can no longer be regarded as an isolated example of the late Neanderthal occupation in the west of the Balkans and that there are strong possibilities that Neanderthals survived in the western Balkans and the interior of the Dinarides somewhat longer than in other parts of the peninsula. We posit that the volcanic eruption before 40 ka which resulted in the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) tephra deposition, could have had a more significant impact on the Adriatic zone where Middle Palaeolithic population density was the greatest, but had no long-term effect in the northeast part of the peninsula. We suggest that there was a temporal trend in the spread of the Upper Palaeolithic from the east to the west of the Balkans and that the Danube corridor had a significant role in its distribution. We dispute statements that the CI tephra covered the Upper Palaeolithic at several sites in the central Balkans and call into question the conclusion that there was evidence for the existence of Upper Palaeolithic communities in this area before the eruption. Thu, 21 Nov 2024 16:41:18 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=274 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=277 Hohle Fels Cave is a Magdalenian basecamp in the Swabian Jura. The site yielded an exceptionally rich lithic assemblage including abundant backed pieces, as well as many organic tools and artefacts that express symbolic behaviour. Radiocarbon dates place the occupation before the Meiendorf amelioration which marks the onset of the late glacial interstadial cycle. These dates are in accordance with many other Central European Magdalenian sites and indicate a comprehensive colonization and resettlement of the region during the dry and cold late Pleniglacial. Origins of the Swabian Magdalenian to the west are indicated, and connections in that direction were maintained, as documented by marine shells from the Atlantic Ocean. Thu, 21 Nov 2024 16:44:49 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=277 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=280 The southern French Massif Central has been considered a hostile land for human populations during interglacial and inter-stadial times but has for decades been a privileged field for the study of human movement. Once believed to be devoid of flint nodules suitable for blade production, this region in fact shows an unsuspected wealth of exploitable materials suitable for stone tool production. Although it is true that primary outcrops of flint are few and have restricted surface exposures they are however, now well characterized. Detrital formations coming from the old alluviums of the Loire, Allier and Truyère rivers also supply an abundant stock of geo-materials that were also exploited during the various occupation phases of the region. A renewed methodology based on the principle of an evolutionary chain of silicification, well proven for the Middle Palaeolithic, was applied exhaustively to three archaeological series belonging to the Upper Palaeolithic ; the lithic assemblages of Chauvet cave in the Ardèche, the Proto-Magdalenian of Le Blot rockshelter and the Badegoulian of Le Rond-du-Barry cave both in Haute-Loire. Preliminary results do not confirm the previous observations for the sources of lithic raw materials first proposed in the 1980s for Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Massif Central. Exploitation behaviours for the supply of raw materials vary in accordance with the temporal differences in the cultures. In Chauvet cave, there is a wider acquisition zone for the lithic artefacts compared with that commonly attributed to the Middle Palaeolithic of the Ardèche. The Proto-Magdalenian of le Blot rockshelter in the Massif Central shows that entire flint nodules were transported to the site from the south-west margins of the Paris Basin (Indre-et-Loire and Loir-et-Cher), more than 250 km distant from the Velay site. This suggests that excursions were made into territories further afield than those normally frequented. The Badegoulian occupation of le Rond-du-Barry exploited a local lithic spectrum similar to the one studied at the adjacent Middle Palaeolithic Sainte-Anne I cave site. However, to the local and semi local material is added a variable component of flint from a very distant locality (Loir-et-Cher), illustrating an understanding of the resources available from two distinct and separate environments and planned exploitation of a vast territory. Le sud du Massif central, réputé terre hostile de peuplement interglaciaire et interstadiaire, est depuis des décennies un terrain privilégié pour l’étude des déplacements humains. Considéré par certains auteurs comme dépourvu de silex de modules propices à une production laminaire, ce terrain se révèle a contrario d’une richesse insoupçonnée en matériaux exploitables. S’il est vrai que les gîtes primaires (silex à l’affleurement), maintenant bien caractérisés, y sont peu nombreux et de superficie restreinte, les épandages détritiques issus des alluvions anciennes de la Loire, de l’Allier et de la Truyère fournissent une réserve abondante en géo-matériaux, exploitée lors des différentes phases d’occupation de l’espace régional. Une méthodologie renouvelée fondée sur le principe de chaîne évolutive des silicifications et ayant fait ses preuves pour le Paléolithique moyen, a été appliquée de façon exhaustive à trois séries « emblématiques » du Paléolithique supérieur régional : l’assemblage lithique de la grotte Chauvet en Ardèche, le Protomagdalénien de l’abri du Blot et le Badegoulien de la grotte du Rond-du-Barry en Haute-Loire. Les premiers résultats renouvellent la vision des approvisionnements en silex proposée depuis les années 1980 pour le Paléolithique supérieur du Massif central. Les comportements d’approvisionnement sont différents selon les cultures considérées. À la grotte Chauvet, on note une augmentation des distances de circulation des objets lithiques par rapport à celles définies à partir des séries moustériennes d’Ardèche. Les Protomagdaléniens du Blot pénètrent dans le Massif central avec des rognons de silex provenant des marges sud-ouest du Bassin parisien (Indre-et-Loire et Loir-et-Cher), situées à plus de 250 km du site vellave et donnent l’image d’une expédition en territoire inconnu. En revanche, les Badegouliens du Rond-du-Barry exploitent un spectre minéral local similaire à celui retrouvé dans l’occupation néandertalienne de la grotte de Sainte-Anne I toute proche ; à cette part de matériaux locaux et semi-locaux vient s’ajouter une composante variée de silex d’origines très lointaines (Loir-et-Cher), illustrant une parfaite connaissance de deux territoires distincts et évoquant une exploitation réfléchie et intégrée de deux zones d’un vaste domaine approprié. Thu, 21 Nov 2024 16:52:06 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=280 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=288 The last ten years progresses in characterization and cartography of the Mediterranean northwestern corner lithic resources open new perspectives for the study of the regional Mousterian through the development of techno-economic approaches. Proposing a first overview of the procurement strategies, this paper underlines no matter the distance the diverse forms of flint transport especially illustrated by the frequent circulation of cores upon 80 to 100 km. The multiplication of case studies shows a recurrent exploitation of the same materials which, besides the central role played by some of them in the human groups economy, mark out a circulation area between sea and mountains. This territorial homogeneity also confirmed on a technological plan by a massive use of the recurrent Levallois system suggests the existence of Mediterranean area specific cultural characters. Les avancées de ces dix dernières années dans la caractérisation et la cartographie des ressources lithiques dans l’angle nord-ouest de la Méditerranée ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour l’étude du Moustérien régional, via le développement des approches techno-économiques. Ce travail, qui propose un premier bilan des stratégies d’approvisionnement, a permis de souligner la diversité des formes techniques sous lesquelles circulent les roches, tant à courte qu’à longue distance, notamment illustré par le transport fréquent de nucléus sur 80 à 100 km. La multiplication d’études de cas met par ailleurs en évidence une exploitation récurrente des mêmes matériaux qui, outre le rôle central joué par certains d’entre eux dans l’économie des groupes, délimite un espace de circulation compris entre mer et montagne. Cette homogénéité territoriale, également confirmée sur le plan technologique par un recours massif au débitage Levallois récurrent, suggère l’existence de caractères culturels propres à l’espace méditerranéen. Thu, 21 Nov 2024 16:55:34 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=288 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=292 The socio-economic territories of the Upper Paleolithic nomad populations are founded on the basic overview of social resources, defining them as oriented elements to the production and / or reproduction of these groups. Some human productions allow us, by their characteristics such as the specificity of the origin of the raw materials, to better understand the economic and social behaviour. In this work we present an overview and recent results of analyses of raw materials, the procurement areas and mobility patterns of lithic productions and malacofauna manufactured as part of personal ornaments of Magdalenians of the southern slope of the Catalan Pyrenees. Les territoires socioéconomiques des populations nomades du Paléolithique supérieur reposent sur la base de l'aperçu social des ressources, en définissant celles-ci comme des éléments orientés à la production et/ou reproduction des groupes des chasseurs-cueilleurs. Certaines productions humaines permettent par leurs caractéristiques, comme par exemple les spécificités d'origine des matières premières, de mieux appréhender ces territoires économiques et sociaux. Dans ce travail nous présentons un état des lieux et des résultats récents des analyses des matières premières, de l'approvisionnement et des voies de circulation des productions lithiques et de la malacofaune aménagée comme élément de parure des magdaléniens du versant sud des Pyrénées catalans. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 12:14:56 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=292 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=311 The Châtelperronian, one techno-complexes of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic change-over in Europe, shows an uncommon association of a specific leptolithic industry with Neanderthal human remains, pendants, pigments and bone-tools. Several hypothesis had been put forward to explain this association : acculturation, independent evolution or even post-depositional mixing. Here, we present results from the Quinçay lithics’ analysis, the only Châtelperronian site with several Châtelperronian layers sealed by a large roof fall. No other Upper Paleolithic layers are detected above the sequence. In the three Châtelperronian layers, blades and bladelets are produced. The method of production used is specific to the Châtelperronian, by its unique set of procedures, and is clearly different from the early Upper Palaeolithic leptolithic production or from the Middle Palaeolithic flake production. In this sequence the way to produce long bladelets is typically Châtelperronian, it is identical in its volumetric organization to the one used for blades. However, the retouched bladelets are looking alike Protoaurignacian ones. We argue that this cannot be a convergence neither a coincidence, and that instead this is evidence of superficial contact, maybe even at distance, between Châtelperronian and Protoaurignacian groups. The idea and morphology of the retouched bladelets had been borrowed by Châtelperronian groups from Protoaurignacian groups, maybe only by seeing hunting weapons equipped with such bladelets on pathways. Meanwhile the specific method used by Protoaurignacian groups to produce bladelets remained unused (and was probably unknown). This is consistent with the stimulus diffusion model. Our results suggest that the Châtelperronian and the Protoaurignacian had been contemporaneous, but were only superficially connected. Social intimacy between the two groups might have been quite low. Le Châtelperronien est l’un des techno-complexes marquant le passage du Paléolithique moyen au Paléolithique supérieur en Europe occidentale. Il montre l’association d'une industrie leptolithique spécifique avec des restes humains néandertaliens, des objets de parure, des pigments et de l’industrie osseuse. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées pour expliquer cette association : acculturation, évolution indépendante ou encore mélanges post-dépositionnels. Nous présentons ici les résultats de l'analyse lithique de la séquence de Quinçay. Il est le seul gisement châtelperronien en grotte contenant plusieurs niveaux de cette industrie en séquence, scellés par un effondrement massif de la voûte. Aucun autre niveau du Paléolithique supérieur n’est détecté au-dessus de la séquence. Dans les trois niveaux, l’objectif de la production est orienté vers l’obtention de lames et de lamelles. La méthode de production utilisée est spécifiquement châtelperronienne et est clairement différente de la production leptolithique du début du Paléolithique supérieur ou de la production d’éclats du Paléolithique moyen. La méthode de production de longues lamelles est caractéristique du Châtelperronien, elle est identique dans son organisation volumétrique à celle utilisée pour les lames. Cependant, les lamelles retouchées sont typologiquement comparables à celles rencontrées en contexte protoaurignacien. Selon nous, cette donnée n’est pas le résultat de convergence ou de coïncidence, mais suggère un contact superficiel, à distance, entre groupes châtelperroniens et protoaurignaciens. L'idée « lamelles retouchées » a pu être empruntée par les Châtelperroniens en observant de telles lamelles armées sur des projectiles abandonnés sur des lieux de passage partagés. La méthode protoaurignacienne de production de lamelles n’est pas utilisée par les Châtelperroniens de Quinçay et elle leur était probablement inconnue. Ceci est cohérent avec le modèle de diffusion par stimulus. Nos résultats suggèrent la contemporanéité du Châtelperronien et du Protoaurignacien. Ces deux groupes n’ayant été que superficiellement connectés, leur intimité sociale reste donc assez faible. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 12:20:10 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=311 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=323 Fri, 22 Nov 2024 12:22:55 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=323 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=326 La grotte des Gorges s’ouvre à quelques kilomètres au nord-est de la ville de Dole, dans un petit vallon situé en bordure du flanc sud-est du massif de la Serre, sur le territoire de la commune d’Amange. À la suite de premières prospections effectuées en 2008 dans ce site dans le cadre d’un Programme Collectif de Recherches sur la « Gestion des matières premières et implantation humaine autour du massif de la Serre », des tracés gravés ont été repérés sur le plafond de cette cavité, suivis par d’autres découvertes l’année suivante. Ces découvertes en paroi ont été complétées par d’autres, sur blocs cette fois, qui élargissent l’éventail graphique de ce site. L’ensemble de ces témoignages a conduit à la reconnaissance d’une grotte ornée et d’un site d’art mobilier dans un territoire qui jusqu’ici en était dépourvu. Les recherches menées par l’équipe ont en effet révélé la présence de nombreux ensembles gravés, et parmi eux plusieurs représentations animales, en paroi mais aussi sur des blocs. Nous proposons, sur la base de leur style et des thématiques rencontrées, de situer ces manifestations symboliques à une phase ancienne du Paléolithique supérieur. Cette attribution est corroborée par le contexte archéologique et par des datations 14C obtenues sur plusieurs ossements dans la grotte. Les représentations identifiées sur les parois et blocs (cheval, mégacéros félins, mammouth), ainsi qu'une petite tête d'ours sculptée sur os, font écho au bestiaire des grottes de Roucadour (Lot), de Chauvet (Ardèche) et à l’art mobilier du Jura souabe (Allemagne). Elles viennent ainsi, en complément du contexte archéologique, apporter un éclairage nouveau sur la circulation des symboles et des thèmes au Paléolithique supérieur ancien, et placent la grotte des Gorges à un carrefour possible entre les sites rhénans d’une part, et les grottes ornées du sud de la France d’autre part. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 12:32:17 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=326 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=343 L’objet de cet article est la discussion du concept de convergence et de divergence thématique et stylistique que nous observons au Paléolithique supérieur dans l’art du Gravettien d’Europe orientale. Dans cette démarche, en appuyant sur les études formelles des œuvres d’art, on s’interrogera sur les traits particuliers et généraux de leurs conventions stylistiques, de leur matière première d’exécution, de leur valeur esthétique et de la conception thématique de l’iconographie des répertoires figuratifs (constance des représentations féminines et variabilité sélective des représentations animalières). La grande richesse de cet « art », qui syncrétise des formes artistiques figuratives et non figuratives dans certains sites, conduit à nous interroger sur l’existence de systèmes artistiques codés de nature socio-symbolique, qui s’exprime dans ces lieux socialisés et symbolisés par un groupe ou un réseau de groupes à travers leur territoire. L’existence de ces systèmes de signification complexe, nés des besoins de fonctions socio-symboliques des sociétés paléolithiques, se manifeste dans leur territoire, notamment dans plusieurs sites d’habitat résidentiel mettant en œuvre un large spectre ces multiples fonctions. The purpose of this paper is the discussion of the concept of thematic and stylistic convergence and divergence which we observe during the upper Palaeolithic in the art of the Gravettian of Eastern Europe. In this approach, supported by formal studies of works of art, it is question of the specific and general features of their stylistic conventions, their raw material for their implementation, their aesthetic value and the thematic design of the iconography of figurative directories (permanence of female representations and selective variability of animal representations). The wealth of this “art”, which syncretize figurative and non-figurative artistic forms in some sites, led to the existence of coded artistic systems of socio – symbolic nature, expressed in these socialized and symbolized places by a group or a network of groups through their territory. The existence of these systems of complex meaning, born with the needs of socio-symbolic functions of Palaeolithic societies, occurs inside their territory, particularly in several types of dwelling settlements implementing a broad spectrum of multiple functions. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 13:42:01 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=343 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=344 In connection with the question of mobility and contacts between Magdalenian societies, this paper presents the preliminary results of a review of one of the classic themes in late Magdalenian art: the representations of zoomorphs, particularly ibex, viewed from the front, found essentially in portable art. These motifs are known in both Cantabrian Spain and southern France, and in archaeological literature are often regarded as evidence of long-distance relationships between Magdalenian groups. The direct analysis of practically all the known examples in Cantabrian Spain has provided a more precise knowledge of the theme at technical and formal levels, and has introduced the technological approach for the first time in northern Spain. The study of the artistic record, from the chaîne opératoire viewpoint, has succeeded in identifying and ordering the sequence of movements followed in the process of producing the images. The technical and formal choices made by the artists reflect cultural traditions. The identification and comparison of these traditions in a certain geographical area can determine whether or not the same tradition was shared by different groups and is therefore a way to know the mobility and degree of interaction among Magdalenian societies. The homogeneity seen in the sequence of actions producing the representations of ibex seems to indicate that the artists in Cantabrian Spain shared the same savoir-faire, and the little information currently available about this type of representation on the other side of the Pyrenees is in harmony with the results from Spain. However, greater variability is seen from the formal point of view, and the significance of this is hard to determine in the light of the present data. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 13:45:53 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=344 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=348 Au coeur du Paléolithique supérieur, les statuettes féminines représentent l’indice le plus troublant en faveur de l’hypothèse d’une communauté de pensée eurasiatique aux alentours de 25 000 avant le présent. Ces Vénus se retrouvent ainsi des Pyrénées (France) aux plaines sibériennes du lac Baïkal avec les mêmes caractères intrinsèques (disposition axiale stricte, nudité, focalisation sur les organes sexuels, tête quadrillée, etc.). Mais quelles sont les autres parentés techniques et/ou idéologiques qui peuvent être proposées à partir du reste du matériel archéologique ? Cet article expose différents indices confortant l’hypothèse de nombreux contacts eurasiatiques au Paléolithique supérieur moyen à l’aide de l’ensemble des données matérielles disponibles (pratiques funéraires, art mobilier, industrie lithique et osseuse). Fri, 22 Nov 2024 13:49:12 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=348 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=350 Dans cette communication, des objets utilitaires ornés en matière organique (cuillères / spatules) datés du Magdalénien supérieur et trouvés en Europe sont comparés, de même que les figures féminines schématiques présentes dans l’art mobilier de cette période. La discussion porte sur l’éventualité que les similitudes existantes dans chacune de ces catégories puissent révéler des relations/contacts entre des groupes humains éloignés. The aim of this communication is to comparate some decorated tools in organic material (spoons /spatula), some shematic female figures (“FFS”) on mobile art, which were found in upper Magdalenian in Europe. Discussion focuses on wether their similarities can demonstrate relations/contacts between remote human groups. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 13:52:25 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=350 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=353 The accumulation of data on the activity of Palaeolithic human groups networks (source of raw materials, location of sites, Hunt seasonal, etc.) allows gradually to highlight strategies for the territory occupation of which the main parameters are the mobility, the territory area, the food resource management and the seasonality of activities in the annual cycle.  Local Opportunistic strategy. The area of the territory is limited (less than 1000 km2). Mobility is low. Hunting is opportunistic. The settlement is permanent in a rockshelter. If there is exhaustion of the food resources, the group must abandon its settlement and emigrated in another region. Contacts between human groups are limited. Such a strategy is adopted by the Mousterian groups during the OIS 4 and begins to change with groups of transition MP/UP industries. It is taken up during the maximum ice age from 21 000 BP at the time of the abandonment of the occupation of the middle Europe by Gravettian groups and their refuge to the Mediterranean regions (see below the seasonal mobility strategy). Extended planned strategy. The area of the territory is large (30 000 to 100 000 km2). Mobility is high. There is a specialization of the travels and of the site locations : distant sources of raw materials, specialized hunting, seasonal sites, bivouac, art caves, within a recognized territory where movements are common. Contacts between human groups of the same network are numerous (meeting points) promoting exchanges and standardization of material culture. Camp-sites are seasonal. The food resource management is specializing in hunting the herds of large migrant mammals (reindeer, bison) or horses. This strategy marks the success of the network organization of the human groups during the upper Palaeolithic period (Aurignacian, Gravettian, Magdalenian). Semi-sedentary strategy. The residential camp-sites are occupied about ten months in the year. The territory is large (30 000 to 100 000 km2). There is a mammoth based food resource through accumulations of animals, of natural or hunted origins, which are found systematically nearby sites, as a food supply, fuels, building materials for the dwellings and raw material for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Technical inventions without future are noted : terracotta figurines, polishing. Art is developed. Food is stored in pits dug in permafrost near the dwellings. This strategy is known in only three short and specific episodes in the history of the European upper Palaeolithic : Pavlovian (around 27 000 BP in Moravia), Eastern Gravettian (24 000 – 21 000 BP in Central and Eastern Europe), Mezinian (Upper and middle Dnepr basin around 15 000 to 14 000 BP). Seasonal mobility strategy. The territory is open to an uninhabited North where the human groups organize summer raids. The residential camps are located in the southern regions during half part of the year. Movements are carried out on several hundred kilometers during summer for specialized hunting (reindeer) and for the supply of good quality flint. The territories of refuge are less extended and partitioned (Solutrean in sub-Cantabrian and sub-Pyrenean regions, Adriatic Epigravettian, Epigravettian of the Black Sea). This strategy corresponds to the short time of the maximum ice age climate amelioration (Late Solutrean and Late Badegoulian in Western Europe, Sagvarian in Central Europe and Molodovian in Eastern Europe). Restricted Planned strategy. The territories are limited (1.000 to 10.000 km2). The human groups are located in specialized camp-sites. The diversification of food is pushed to its maximum (opportunistic hunting, specialized hunting of altitude with the conquest of the altitude, fishing, shellfish collecting). The supply of raw material is local in the territory and depends on the quality of outcrops that are found. Art is little developed. This strategy concerns the Epipaleolithic groups and is continuing during the Holocene. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 13:59:37 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=353 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=362 Several models have been proposed to explain processes underlying the transition between different techno-cultural assemblages in prehistoric archaeology. These ‘transitions’ either represent phenomena of ‘gradualism’ connected to in situ evolution or ‘diffusionism’ by various ‘acculturation’ processes prone to external influences (direct loans) and necessarily implicating long-distance migrations of populations. Following a review of the original formulation of these two processes, an alternative paradigm is proposed – ‘transculturation’. Borrowed from ethnologists and introduced by F. Ortiz in 1940, this process is characterised by the integration (through indigenous re-interpretation) of external influences via indirect loans derived from intimate interpersonal contacts. In the sense of the term employed here, transculturation can take several different forms (imitation, assimilation, hybridisation, re-interpretation) that are better suited to accounting for the diverse transformations evident in the archaeological record. Contrarily to acculturation which imposes new (foreign) manners of doing things, transculturation reinvests the people hidden behind each techno-culture as the primary agents of their own transformation in that they may or may not be open to the diffusion of certain external ideas and have the possibility of re-interpreting them rather then suffering them. En archéologie préhistorique, deux principaux modèles sont traditionnellement employés pour expliquer les changements observés entre les technocomplexes. Les « transitions » seraient essentiellement issues soit d’un « gradualisme » par évolution sur place, soit d’un « diffusionnisme » par « acculturation » qui prône des influences externes par emprunt direct nécessitant des migrations humaines sur de longues distances. Après un rappel des définitions princeps de ces deux processus, il est proposé ici un autre paradigme alternatif, à savoir celui de « transculturation ». Emprunté aux ethnologues, ce concept défini en 1940 par F. Ortiz, caractérise l’intégration par ré-interprétation autochtone d’influences allochtones par emprunt indirect issues de contacts de proche en proche. À notre sens, la notion de transculturation pouvant se décliner à plusieurs degrés (imitation, assimilation, hybridation, ré-interprétation, etc.) rend mieux compte des diverses transformations observables dans les registres archéologiques. De plus, contrairement à l’acculturation qui impose une nouvelle manière (étrangère) de faire, la transculturation redonne la primauté aux ensembles technoculturels d’être les propres acteurs de leur transformation en étant réceptifs ou non à certaines diffusions d’idées externes, en ayant la possibilité de les nuancer au lieu de les subir. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 16:31:40 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=362 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=381 The relationship between nature and culture can be understood in terms of reciprocal symbolic pathways. All parts of an animal are integrated into traditional human activities, including shelter, tools and hunting. This particular character has enabled an extreme survival of values up to the present. The essential condition is due to mobility, at least partial mobility of some members of the group, which has left evidence in the archaeological record, sometimes over hundreds of kilometers. Traditions during the Upper Palaeolithic act as a network of symbols, acts and actions. Horse riding appears to have been necessary, at least in part and for limited groups. Ideas are spread rapidly, as seen by the widespread expansion of techniques and art. All elements of prehistoric culture are therefore opposed when comparing the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. La relation entre nature et culture passe par des voies symboliques réciproques. Tout dans l’animal s’intègre dans les activités humaines traditionnelles, comme l’habitat, l’outillage et la prédation. Ce caractère particulier a permis une extrême survivance des valeurs jusqu’à aujourd’hui. La condition essentielle tient à la mobilité, au moins partielle de certains membres du groupe qui ont laissé leurs traces, parfois étalées sur des centaines de kilomètres. Les traditions au Paléolithique supérieur agissent tel un filet de symboles, d’actes et d’actions. La monte du cheval paraît s’imposer, au moins partiellement et pour des groupes limités. Les idées se diffusent à grande vitesse, rendues évidentes par l’extrême extension des techniques et des arts. Tout s’oppose donc de ce point de vue aussi antre le Paléolithique moyen et le Paléolithique supérieur. Fri, 22 Nov 2024 16:38:24 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=381 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=117 Thu, 14 Nov 2024 16:52:21 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=117 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=119 Thu, 14 Nov 2024 17:05:06 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=119 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=122 Thu, 14 Nov 2024 17:08:45 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=122 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=179 Tue, 19 Nov 2024 15:53:22 +0100 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/3041-5527/index.php?id=179