http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=81 Full text issues fr Mon, 13 May 2024 16:30:40 +0200 Mon, 13 May 2024 17:07:06 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=81 0 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=289 Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:52:45 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=289 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=291 One should not forget that the initial aim of the first builders of computers and scientists in Artificial Intelligence was to make "thinking machines". Today, people are more cautious about the nature of intelligence and the difference between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. Numerous definitions of thinking and of intelligence have been proposed. Nowadays, even consciousness, which has been taboo for a long time in the AI circles, begins to be discussed. In this paper, after a brief introduction about the different paradigms of the cognitive sciences in the last 50 years, we present the main features of a systemic holistic metamodel that has been proposed recently to interpret complex self-organizing systems evolving toward autonomy, like those found in biology, in the social and cognitive sciences. We then use this graphical language to show the specificity of living systems which is autopoiesis or selfproduction ; we then propose an interpretation of consciousness which is related to self-reference. Using these concepts, we then comment on the question raised in the title. Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:59:57 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=291 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=299 In this paper we introduce an extended vector addition system, i.e., a structured vector addition system. The vector addition system (in short, VAS) is proposed by R. Karp et al. as a parallel processing model, but the VAS seems to be far from the neural network. However it is an excellent "macro" model for the brain behavior, especially, for the emotional behavior. The original VAS is weak to represent the control mechanism, and therefore, we propose a structured VAS (in short, SVAS),where the control mechanism plays a role of simulating the dynamical behavior of human emotion, especially, with the state transition of vectors. We will discuss the inductive learning and the anticipation on SVAS. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 09:45:59 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=299 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=419 It is shown how some aspects of consciousness (can be structured mathematically. This is based on the category of artificial perceptions, that has been conceived and proposed as an infrastructure for a theory of AI processes, and as a high level AI architecture. This unified theoretical standard has already been shown to enable a rigorous interweaving and integration of various intelligent capabilities, and in this paper self reflective capabilities are also integrated into the schema. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 10:38:53 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=419 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=424 Rose-Hindmarsh model is a simple and typical system for describing neuronal firing activities. This paper studies its chaotic firing phenomena, identification of unstable periodic orbits and chaos control in certain parameter regime. Firstly, irregular firing behaviors of the model are proved to be chaotic by numerically calculating the attractor's Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimension. Secondly, low order unstable periodic orbits embedded in the chaotic attractor are identified by simply analyzing interspike interval time series in their return maps. Finally, chaotic firings are stabilized to the period one and period two firing patterns respectively by delayed feedback control. Our preliminary work shows that the method of identification of unstable periodic orbits combined with delayed feedback control can effectively suppress irregular chaotic firings for the model. The technique presented in this paper is in accordance with those features of neuronal systems and may be a simple and actuated scheme for controlling chaotic firings of real neurons in physiological conditions. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 10:47:01 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=424 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=441 When we talk about teaching a robot an LL(l)-jargon, we mean specifying a langage processor, i.e. an acceptor and transducer that is able to translate robot instructions into machine code for the control unit of that robot. A syntax-directed development is proposed, i.e. a software method in which the syntax of the input of the application plays a sentral role. The syntax forms a frame on which semantic actions, attributes, local and global information can be attached. More specifically we use the ELL(1) format for the description of the langage. From this syntax-directed description an executable program is automatically produced using the Visual MIRATM tool. We illustrate the usage of this LL(1)-jargons, in the description of an anticipating process of a robot. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 10:54:26 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=441 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=452 Why are attentional processes important in the driving of anticipations ? Anticipatory processes are fundamental cognitive abilities of living systems, in order to rapidly and accurately perceive new events in the environment, and to trigger adapted behaviors to the newly perceived events. To process anticipations adapted to sequences of various events in complex environments, the cognitive system must be able to run specific anticipations on the basis of selected relevant events. Then more attention must be given to events potentially relevant for the living system, compared to less important events. What are useful attentional factors in anticipatory processes ? The relevance of events in the environment depend on the effects they can have on the survival of the living system. The cognitive system must then be able to detect relevant events to drive anticipations and to trigger adapted behaviors. The attention given to an event depends on i) its external physical relevance in the environment, such as time duration and visual quality, and ii) on its internal semantic relevance in memory, such as knowledge about the event(semantic field in memory) and anticipatory power(associative strength to anticipated associates). How can we model interactions between attentional and semantic anticipations ? Specific types of distributed recurrent neural networks are able to code temporal sequences of events as associated attractors in memory. Particular learning protocol and spike rate transmission through synaptic associations allow the model presented to vary attentionally the amount of activation of anticipations (by activation or inhibition processes) as a function of the external and internal relevance of the perceived events. This type of model offers a unique opportunity to account for both anticipations and attention in unified terms of neural dynamics in a recurrent network. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 11:06:40 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=452 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=468 The construction of non-natural systems endowed with a consciousness similar to that of human beings is one of the most challenging problems that science presently faces. Manifold reasons justify this situation, amongst which one is prevailing : that in spite of the countless papers written about it, our knowledge of the origins of human consciousness is practically null. This paper ventures a fresh way of regarding these questions following two unconventional approaches : (i) Pask's Conversation Theory (CT) which is introduced here as a means of providing a new epistemological/computational tack to the whole question, and (ii) a scrutiny of the relations baby/mother that will work as a prototype for the emergence of consciousness in artificial systems. The convergence of CT with the 'mechanisms' underlying such relations frames a theoretical and practical construct - an experimental robot named ACB2 - in which features belonging to a selfconscious being can already be witnessed. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 11:45:40 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=468 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=477 In this paper a procedure to solve the problem of recognition and classification of sampled musical rythms is presented. The lack of precise rules for doing this analysis makes difficult and often ambiguous the automatic execution of a cognitive process naturally performed by human brain. This procedure can be extended to the classification of any signals showing similar characteristic (i.e. EEG or ECG). Due to the complexity of the time dependence, standard procedures used for chaos characterisation (i.e. correlation dimension, Lyapunov exponents, etc) can fail. Moreover a direct usage of artificial neural network can introduce too many optimization variables. The proposed procedure can be organized in two phases : the extraction of some new type of invariant from the sampled time series and the usage of this extracted features as input for a classifying standard neural network. This system was able to distinguish between binary and ternary signals with a precision of 99 %. The single rhythm was classified within an error of 5 %. This system seems to be able to deal with the behaviour that characterises a musical rhythmic sequence, and to classify patterns independently of the musical instrument and tempo. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 11:50:36 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=477 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=485 In this paper a learning system of user action is proposed. It is constructed by combining an ultrasonic phase measuring method with an artificial pulse neural network by analogy of a physiological model of auditory processing. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 11:54:12 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=485 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=492 In this paper we review the evolutionary approach we proposed in previously published papers, regarding the emergence of a Learning Classifier System (LCS) reward policy. The idea behind our approach is to induce the emergence of a LCS reward policy, through the evolution of a population of LCS based agents. The present review intends to shed light on some aspects that were not sufficiently emphasized in previous papers and, on other hand, to prospect future work regarding this approach. First, we describe a simple, but generic architecture of an evolutive LCS based agent. The couple of modules constituting the architecture are a (LCS based) control model, generating the agent behaviour, and a biological model regulating the biological aspects of the agent life. Second, we perform an analysis of the factors influencing the outcome of reward policy evolution, like the reward regimes to adopt, or the genetic operators that one should use. Finally, we evaluate the requirements to extend our approach to Special Classifier Systems (XCS) based evolutive agents. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 12:03:36 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=492 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1344 This paper deals with the ongoing research on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), introducing the notion of metaform, in order to link CMT with other dimensions of cultural symbolism, not just language. Specifically, it is argued that conceptual metaphors are types of forms that are created by various associative processes that can be called layering processes. Each layer onstitutes a type of abstraction that itself becomes a source for further abstract thinking nad modes of representation. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:18:37 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1344 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1350 The power of daily communication and commonsense reasoning lies in the use of natural language. The importance of computing with words has increased tremendously over the last decades and will continue to do so during the ones to come. A key-role in this process is played by linguistic variables, i.e. variables whose values are linguistic terms. Since these terms are often vague, they cannot be modelled by classical set theory in se. In this paper we point out the importance of linguistic terms for the representation and the manipulation of knowledge. We describe how atomic terms, logically composed terms and modified terms can be represented using the framework of fuzzy set theory. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:24:02 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1350 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1358 The present paper discusses the conception of the cardinality of a bifuzzy set in two versions - as a real number and as a bifuzzy set. The notions introduced here serve one to calculate the probability of a bifuzzy event defined in a finite space of elementary events and are a generalization of Laplace's approach in the Kolmogorov probability calculus. The paper refers to works of Gerstenkorn and Manko (1998) and Mańko (1998) and Mańko (1992) and is illustrated by an example. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 14:25:59 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1358 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1370 Meta-Morphology is the Systematics of Patterns that Connect, or the Systematics of Meta-Patterns. Our familiar world of objects, phenomena, and qualia is, by current neurological knowledge, based on the electrical activation and connectivity patterns of our nervous system. Inside our brains, the neuronal "enchante loom" weaves a complicated spatio-temporal meta-pattern structure from which derive our familiar world impressions. In abstract terms, the neuronal apparatus can be described as "Meta Pattern Machine" (MPM). The MPM is the ultimate parallel device, and its storage is an internal set of activation patterns, which form a fuzzy open set, and each new meta-pattern extends the set of existant patterns. Described from the temporal domain, the neuronal system forms an ensemble of coupled oscillator fields with reciprocal stimulation, and its operation mode is in the present context called Neuronal Reverberation. In music, the temporal succession and alternation of melodic themes forms meta-pattern structures which can also be understood as reverberation systems. Reverberation is, most abstractly formulated, the similar reproduction of a temporal pattern across a distance of time and space, and in the MPM description, it is analogous to memory, when viewed from t(n) backward in time towards t(n-1), and as anticipation when viewed from t(n) forward to t(n+1).a In musical composing technique, we find a an illustrating application : when an opening theme evokes in the listener a tension that is being filled in the consequent production of the piece. The Leitmotif of human temporal orientation is spelled out in the ancient Greek mythology of Pro-Metheus and his brother Epi-Metheus, who are both united in the Roman god Janus. How deeply these themes have influenced our occidental mindset, will be traced through various pieces of ancient literature, and their direct influence on the present-day venture of computing will be shown. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 15:08:02 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1370 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1377 Representation and manipulation of the world by models. Using world models for reasoning and action purposes. Two types of reasoning forms : symbolic and subsymbolic. Classification of subsymbolic reasoning forms by attributes of communicability enumerability and robustness. Roles of system observers realised with different subsymbolic technologies. Introductio of circular qualitative algebra(CQA) with its attributes of precision, robustness, learning ability, usability and interpretability. Application of CQA to : pattern recognition, modeling of power plant combustion process and traffic accident modeling. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 15:55:21 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1377 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1383 The current state of approaches to situations with natural, technical and living components leading to changes in physical and mental properties, is discussed. Energy, artefacts and information as products are instrumental in these changes of which the notion of information is developed in more detail. The method of linguistic modelling as a symbolism to represent dynamic situations, is introduced. Thu, 11 Jul 2024 16:00:17 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1383 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1422 Across the spectrum of human communication, from situational common-sense to complex culture-bound literary expression, anticipation is ubiquitous. Implicit or explicit, it occurs in propositional attitudes such as an agent's belief, or his ascribing a belief. This affects the making sense of a narrative (or of narrativized experiences or situational patterns), as well as the handing down of a narrative, for example as a cultural practice (watching a film or reading a novel, and the expectations involved according to the genre), or in literary hermeneutics, when the narrative in the text is reimagined and retold. Anticipation in beliefs may be ascribed sincerely or humorously ; in turn, making sense of a humorous text involves the ascription ofbeliefs and attitudes, e.g., to make sense of a pose which (mockingly or conventionally) interprets an event or a situation by invoking anticipation. This paper discusses an array ofcontexts where this takes place. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 14:00:35 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1422 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1433 Hilbert's conjecture that the whole of mathematics could be provided by a finite set of axioms (Hilbert, publ. 1980) was challenged in branches of mathematics, devoted to arithmetics and algorithmic computation, by Gödel (1931), Church (1936), Turing (1937), and Chaitin (1998). This questioned what can be expected from scientific knowledge, in particular through the mesh of mathematical certainty, in the assessment of what could be considered true about our universe, that is also on ourselves via self-evaluation possibility. This study will thus revisit some current problems about the conditions required for allowing a measure of "something" likeky unknown, situated "somewhere", in terms of distances and dimensions. The debate will then focus on the scope of mathematical knowledge, with special regards to indecidability, incompleteness, and the fate of such mathematical realites claimed to escape the field of mathematics, like for Chaitin's 'omega number'. The formal involvement of anticipatory processes in finding solutons through biological self-evaluaton will be analyzed in several steps. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 14:08:03 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1433 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1440 A system is considered anticipatory if it has the ability to foresee the consequences of an event and act in a way it is adapted for. In order to make such judgments anticipatory systems must possess some kind of description of their surroundings, which is used in the calculation of an appropriate action. In many cases it is sufficient to have an algorithmic description to follow and some anticipatory systems do choose their actions in a completely algorithmic way. A more developed anticipatory behavior is displayed by systems, which not only possess a description but also a model of the surroundings. Those systems have an intrinsic conception of their surroundings, which they are able to reason about. This kind of anticipation is called model-based contrary to the description-based behavior, which characterizes those systems that slavishly follolw algorithmic rules. In order to take advantage of model-based behavior it is necessary to be able to properly describe the surroundings in terms of how they are perceived. Such description processes are inductive and not recursively describable. That a system can perceive and describe its own surroundings means further that it has a learning capability. Learning is the process of making order out of disorder and this is precisely the most distinguish quality of inductive inference. Genuine learning without inductive capability is impossible. The implication of this is that systems that have a model of the surroundings are not possible to implement on computers nor can computers be leaming devices contrary to what is believed in the area of machine learning. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 14:16:55 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1440 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1452 This paper describes the possibility of incursive proof in classical formal theory. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 14:22:57 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1452 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1457 Notions of anticipaton systems for discrete-time and continuous-time lD linear systems and 2D discrete linear systems are introduced. A discrete-time system is called anticipatory if its state vector and output vector depend on the future values of inputs. A continuous-time system is called anticipatory if its state vector and output vector depend on the derivatives of inputs. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the anticipation of singular discrete-time and coutinuous-time l-D linear systems are established. It is shown that the discrete-time system obtained by discretization from continuous-time one is anticipatory for any value of the discretization step if and only if the continuous-time system is anticipatory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the anticipation of the singular 2D Fornasini - Marchesini model and the singular 2D Roesser model are established. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 14:52:16 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1457 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1467 The main problem of system theory is summarized by ; how one can express the growing universe in a universe ? In a set theory, the universe appeared in the diagonal argument is a candidate of the expression of the growing universe, however it is not in a universe. To resolve this problem, we propose the dynamic quantifier and partial-all quantifier that mimic infant's eyes. A universe is defined as a concept lattice that is obtained from a binary relation between two sets. Because a formal concept is defined through a particular operator with all-quantifier, ∀, a concept lattice is complete and the relationship between a relation and a lattice is unique. By contrast, partial-all quantifier, ∀p, no longer surveys all elements in a given set, and then an obtained lattice is different from a normal concept lattice. In this scheme, a lattice is perpetually changed. If a lattice polynomial is used as syntax,a lattice is used as semantics. Due to partial-all quantifier, a lattice is destined to be local semantics. Especially, lattices that are derived through partial-all quantifier can constitute the hierarchy of distributive law, and then the domain in which perturbation is applied is perpetually changed in the model that a lattice polynomial keeps on transform binary sequences. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 15:01:33 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1467 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1477 A billiard in the form of a stadium with periodically perturbed boundary is considered. Two types of such billiards are studied : stadium with strong chaotic properties and a near-rectangle billiard. Phase portraits of such billiards are investigated. In the phase plane areas corresponding to decrease and increase of the velocity of billiard particles are found. Average velocities of the particle ensemble as functions of the number of collisions are obtained. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 15:05:11 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1477 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1487 We studied the chemo-tactical behavior of an amoeboid multinuclear cell, Physarum polycephalum plasmodium, and observed a local deviation within the organism played the key role to escape from a severe environmental condition. The organism has been studied as coupled nonlinear oscillators system, which is one of the famous self-organizing system for the study of morphogenesis. Such a model frequently concentrated on cohesive force that makes the non-differential organism maintain as a single individual avoiding from separation. Deviation from cohesion is frequently regarded as extrinsic perturbation. However, the drastic change of development of the organism shown in our experiments cannot explain by the external stochastic perturbation. From experimental facts, we, by contrast, focused on the duality of cohesive and deviational force. We have constructed a new model introducing such a duality by an interface of a self-similar transition map, which is temporally constructed by neighbors'states. Because of such a non-differentiable transition map, even if an initial state of one element would be close to another one, the state transition of them is not always similar each other. Such a duality thus implies the idea of incomplete identification for an element that has just the limited information. We tested our model and showed the possibility that such an incomplete identification, by contrast, could drive the global coordinating featuring the plasticity as a single system. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 15:15:39 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1487 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1492 In vitro tests are very useful tools to assess the carcinogenic effects of chemicals and the effectiveness of drugs and chemopreventive agents. A cellular automata model of the birth of so-called transformation foci is presented here, based upon biological knowledge about the process of cell transformation, which is the in vitro analogue of tumor formation. The model describes the dynamics of the process, and it provides indications concerning the dependence of the number of foci upon the number of cells that have been initially seeded. It is shown that the model can account for known experimental data ; moreover, different model versions lead to different scaling behaviours, which seem compatible with the results obtained by using different experimental protocols. This line of research appears therefore able to provide useful information to interprete the results of in vitro tests, and to suggest further experiments. Fri, 12 Jul 2024 15:24:00 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1492