http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=66 Full text issues fr Mon, 13 May 2024 16:13:29 +0200 Mon, 13 May 2024 17:03:23 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=66 0 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=305 Intelligent behavior is characterized by flexible and creative pursuit of endogenously defined goals. It has emerged in humans through the stages of evolution that are manifested in the brains and behaviors of the vertebrate series. Intentionality is a key concept by which to link brain dynamics to goal-directed behavior. The archetypal form of intentional behavior is an act of observation into time and space, by which information is sought for the guidance of future action. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 14:05:28 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=305 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=313 This presentation is devoted to some methodological aspects. However, I know from my experience, that various system research is received reluctantly considering the lack of methodological interpretations. They are very broad problems and at the same time belong to many research branches. Each of these branches has got its own culture of activity. Therefore, specialists representing various research branches, will understand my views in various ways. Therefore, the author presents a suggestion to standardize the procedures and hopes it will be accepted. The paper present a certain methodological approach to the possibility of applying the General System Theory in the research on Socio-Econo-Techno Systems. Scientific and social needs of such approach have been discussed. The procedure used in research have been suggested. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 14:32:26 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=313 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=324 In epidemiology (or in biology of populations), an usual process consists in building up local parametrized models, which analysis permits to derive some noteworthy states by weighting speeds of dynamics. The potential existence of complex structures with several chaotic evolution schemes leads to a macroscopical approach by means of non linear dynamic systems. Provided that one calculates different types of means according to some protocols which can be only based on the underlying micro-structures, a way of resolving by the use of multiple scales is efficient. The direct micro bottom-up processing, by means of distribution functions, leads to some relations which are very interesting for physics of collisions, but it doesn't permit to satisfy macroscopic scale constraints, even after successive integrations. We quote pressure as an example. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 14:48:29 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=324 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=336 In Pearl-Verhulst's finite difference equation, R. May showed that fractal chaos appears for large values of the command parameter. In this paper, it is shown that, surprisingly, chaos emerges for small values of the command parameter when Laplacian spatial diffusion is taken into account. For small diffusion the space pattern is uniform and stable and for large diffusion, discrete space-time structures emerge and then a chaotic patchiness. A mathematical demonstration by incursion shows that the emergence of such structures is due to the space diffusion parameter which gives rise to a bifurcation cascade and chaos. This is a new type of emergence of space-time structures what I suggest to call "diffusive chaos" different from the Turing "morphogenesis by diffusive instability". A gradient spatial transport by advection can also give rise to bifurcations and chaos, what I call "advective chaos" depending of the velocity intensity. A simulation with negative diffusion shows stable fractal periodic patterns. In Lotka-Volterra's discrete model, numerical instabilities occur. D. Dubois had found a new method for stabilising such instabilities by the concept and method of incursion, an inclusive recursion, where the equations are sequentially computed. With space diffusion such incursive equations show the emergence of a chaotic space-time patchiness which is followed by continuous space patchiness represented by travelling waves. Diffusive chaos could explain space-time structures called patchiness in marine plankton. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 15:14:13 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=336 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=342 Model building for non-trivial application domains like environmental sciences is a complex task which should be carried out in a way such that resulting models not only describe the reality under investigation correctly at the chosen level of abstraction, but are also understandable, maintainable and, thus, reusable in modified experimental settings. We propose a modeling approach (supported by a computer based modeling environment) in which complex models are designed in a stepwise refinement process. Our approach is illustrated on the basis of a running example taken from forest ecology, using the conceptual framework of a modeling and simulation environment developed at our department Fri, 21 Jun 2024 15:28:24 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=342 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=348 Contemporary biology still lacks a model capable of accounting for even the most basic phenomena involving microtubules (MT) such as for example intracellular transport and ciliary beating, not to speak of the function of MT in sensory and nerve cells. As an example, vertebrate photoreceptors contain a cilium whose dynamic function is still unknown. A new model of microtubular dynamics, developed by the author together with P. Zaborski and J. Tuszynski (Insinna et al., 1996) and based on classical nonlinear physics, is capable of accounting for most of the phenomena associated with cell motility. Additionally, its heuristic capabilities contribute to shed a new light not only on the phototactic behavior of the Protozoan Euglena gracilis but also on the dynamic role of MT in vertebrate photoreceptors and their specific responses. Some unicellular organisms such as Euglena gracilis display in fact simple perceptive functions (phototaxis) which imply the use of a primitive photoreceptor. This unicellular offers the unique possibility to study the function of MT in simple forms of vision, laying ahead of the complexity of more sophisticated photoreceptor systems. Euglena gracilis appears to be the prototype of a self-referential, dynamical sensory system, whose study might allow us to understand the evolution of more complex perceptive systems. Fri, 21 Jun 2024 16:18:05 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=348 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=594 Signs appear as a result of the categorisation process which takes place with the interaction of texts. This can be interpreted as a primary form of anticipation learning. The behaviour of the sequential organic molecules with a high combinatorial potential gives rise to several features which are isomorphic with those of semiotic systems, and text. Organism is a text to itself since it requires reading and re-presentation of its own structures for its existence, e.g., for growth and reparation, it also uses reading of its memory when functioning. This defines an organism as a self-reading text. Anticipation is a property which primarily appears in autocatalytic cycles. For textual autocatalytic systems, anticipation could be represented as a sign. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 14:01:01 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=594 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=600 Evolutionary events at different levels of life organisation are interrelated to each other and as well as to panbiospheric processes. Out of several general statements and mechanisms discussed above, we would like to specially note the following : the paradigm of autocanalisation, an ecocentric concept of macroevolution, a license-ecosystem approach, the hypothesis of embryosphere and, at last, a physico-ecological model of biospheric evolution. Ecological crises within the framework of our approaches are just ordinary evolutionary events of biospheric evolution autocanalised by the biosphere itself under the inconstant exogenous conditions on the planet. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 14:12:34 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=600 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=606 An analysis of the use of the notions of "structure" and "function" in chemistry is presented. It is investigated how this can contribute to illuminate the current discussion concerning self-organization and natural selection in biology. Starting from the methodology used in organic syntheses it will be illustrated that in chemistry the natural way to link structure and function is offered by a reaction mechanism i.e. a particular sequence of events. Analysis of the methodology used in the kinetic modeling of complex chemical processes reveals that this link is being exploited but becomes obliterated in the final description of the behavior of the process. The relation with semiosis, the genotype/phenotype dichotomy, development system theory (P. Griffiths), process structuralism in biology (B. Goodwin) and the local/global dichotomy will be examined. Recent models on the origin of life as presented by S. Kauffman and Fontana's Alchemy will be discussed from this point of view. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 14:20:05 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=606 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=613 The spread of an epidemic can be studied on a discrete space into small cells arranged into a ds-dimensional regular lattice [Durett & Levin, 1994]. Each sites are occupied by healthy individuals may be infected by neighbours, after which they recover completely, they recover and are subsequently immune, or they die. Such a model is a generalisation of the differential equation approach. It corresponds to a modification of the directed percolation problem, useful to describe a large number of disordered systems in physics and chemistry. A critical concentration separate a phase where the epidemic dies out after a finite number of time steps, from a phase where the epidemic can continue forever. In the simplest models, we assume that the vicinity, in which the infection process takes place, is a small domain surrounding the healthy individual considered. This vicinity is made up of the first layers of M = 3ds-1 cells surrounding the central cell considered (Moore neighbourhood). The purpose of this article is to generalise the dimension of the substrate by introducing a fractal distribution of the sites. For each distribution of infected individuals in this vicinity, there is a certain probability ξ of infection. Due to the self-similarity, the infection quantities are significantly modified on fractal substrate. The fractal distribution of the sites can be related to the spatial distribution of the epidemic vector [Meltzer, 1991]. Vector distribution is a matter of suitable habitat, which is a sum of a wide range of environmental factors (humidity, soil moisture, ground temperature, parasitic-host population density, etc..). The distribution of the sites can be also related to the genetic distribution of the susceptibility of the host population. In a herd, the laws of inheritance form a discrete and recursive system which mixes and distributes the genes of susceptibility. We can propose an aggregation model of relatives around an individual, which is based on the direct inheritance. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 14:53:50 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=613 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=619 Sustainable development, creating no handicap for future generations, requires an anticipatory synchronisation of its different population and economic aspects. Population responses to environmental pressures may be oriented in three main directions : work intensification, migration, and family size limitation. All three of them may be considered as anticipatory strategies. Many semiarid wooded areas present vegetation bands which have been recently modelled. This model can be used for anticipatory management allowing a sustainable production of firewood. Coherent forestry policy, like other economic policies, should induce population changes compatible with the available resources. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 15:02:45 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=619 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=626 A two-level processing scheme for real-time image understanding is proposed, where an example-based (or case-based) reasoning in neural AI systems is introduced. The system has two levels; Component Level and Structure Level. At the component level, an elementary pattern recognition is performed as in the conventional pattern recognition, while the syntax pattern recognition is done at the structure level. Both levels are essentially time-consuming (theoretically, NP-complete each). The pattern recognition assisted by syntax recognition reduces the total complexity of processes, and the system can perform a real-time image understanding, when the VLSI chips are introduced. As a result, we show a reasonable real-time image understanding scheme by introducing neural pattern recognition at the component level and a case-based AI technique at the structure level. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 15:24:01 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=626 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=633 Experimental evidence suggests that modification of synaptic strength in the brain does not depend on co-activation of two connected neurons, as is assumed in most theoretical work since the proposals of Hebb (Hebb, 1949). Instead,through independent post-and presynaptic rules multiple modifications occur simultaneously at various sites in the nervous system. To account for this data, various researchers (Edelman, Fuster,...) propose an extension of the self-organising PDP approach to populational thinking. However, as in the PDP approach, the selection rules they propose only account for dynamical evolution of the system towards point attractors. The learning strategy of the networks is therefore still a purely bottom-up strategy. Experiments on visual perception seem to indicate that even low level visual processes can converge to more than one attractor (ambiguous figures, binocular rivalry), to limit cycles (oscillatory behaviour)or low-dimensional chaotic attractors. I argue to extend the neural network models of perceptual categorization to dynamical attractors and to include the multipticity of forms created by the autonomous, nonlinear brain dynamics as a complementary source of variation on which constraints of higher cognitive processes can act. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 15:36:56 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=633 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=637 Neural networks are structures consisting of highly interconnected elementary computational units. The network map input patterns into output patterns. These devices are called neural not because they model the nervous systems but because they are inspired by them. Due to their features (adaptive behaviour, learning process, robustness,...) , artificial neural networks have interested the anticipatory systems field of research. In particular, we will examine their interests in the field of time series prediction and system identification. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 15:44:31 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=637 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=643 Many analogies found in natural systems give evidence that the role of noise in a complex system might well lead to further organization. So, noise seems a good way in order to create novelty or to test the strength of algorithms. In this paper, we are going to analyse some artificial learning mechanisms such as genetic algorithms or neural networks, which may be generally formulated as an optimization problem by specifying a performance criterion, and then by using the simple but powerful technique of stochastic hill-climbing along the gradient. In these algorithms, the integration of random is a good way to maintain the exploration property during searching, useful for avoiding local optima or when environment is dynamic. We claim that artificial learning must overcome their limitations using the expedient of random search. This is due to attractors always present inside search procedures. We discuss in order to find another way to create order without having any presupposed attractors. This is also a central question for anticipatory systems which must learn about themselves and their environment. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 16:01:34 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=643 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1118 In this paper we present the implementation of control structures of a high-level concurrent programming language into the machine level of analog recurrent neural nets. Neural nets can thus perform high-level symbolic tasks, together with their reputed subsymbolic learning capabilities. We emphasize the construction of neural software capable of integrating both learning and programmed control modules. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 13:45:06 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1118 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1125 A computer model of a thalamic network was used in order to understand the rhythmic activity that characterizes absence epilepsy. The model was constructed using a Hodgkin Huxley framework. Results from the model confirm the hypothesis that an isolated augmentation of the maximum conductance of the low threshold calcium current (IT) in the reticular thalamic nucleus may be conducive to the occurrence of autorhythmicity and hence epilepsy. The model predicts that higher values of this IT can cause the transition of the network to an intermittent state. This intermittency increased monotonically with the increase of IT in the reticular nucleus. The model was also used to investigate electrophysiological methods of bringing about a transition of the network to a subthreshold state. Methods that were successful at bringing about a phase shift that resulted in the reticular thalamic neurons firing before the thalamocortical neurons were found to lead to subthreshold activity in the network. This sort of phase shift was attained either by the application of periodic excitatory pulses to the reticular thalamic neurons or the application of a constant hyperpolarization to the thalamocortical neuron. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 14:00:25 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1125 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1132 In order to build adaptive artificial systems, we suggest a thesis about the adequacy of a system relative to its relationships with the environment. We can tell it in this way: "Any system having a cooperative internal medium is functionally adequate". In our learning method, a global function emerges from the system unless this function is not explicity dictated in each of its component. In fact, each component is always looking for maintaining a cooperative situation with others components in the system. The originality of our method is its facility of implementation because it's totally independent of the application field. Another property is that our method allows to suppress the classical component of control : the cooperation permits it implicitly. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 14:19:11 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1132 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1140 In this paper, we present an introduction to the theory of computability and complexity over a ring proposed by L. Blum, M. Shub and S. Smale in [Blum-Shub-Smale-1989]. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 14:28:17 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1140 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1146 Description of the Operational Graphs (=Op.G.) which is a graphical synoptical methodology of exhibiting the operational structures of every convolution of any Systems with their Entering Flows in order to elaborate the Functional Result's Flows. Consequently we use these (Op.G.) to discover the deep intrinsic Architectures of the Recursivity's and Incursivity's Algorithms. From this way of proceeding it will become obvious for exploring the specific advantages of the Incursivity's Procedures about the improvement of the Stability of the Behaviour of the Critical Systems. By means of this communication we hope to convince about the power, the accuracy and the ease of the (Op.G.)-methodology and besides to show the self adjusting power of the incursivity's processes. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 14:40:26 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1146 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1153 Fri, 05 Jul 2024 14:49:57 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1153 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1159 This paper proves that the Boolean connectives and the recursive functions -i.e. the rational order- are generable by hyperincursive algorythms -i.e. 'chaotic' phenomena- as the above Hesiodus' verse affirms. But, for the archaic ancient Greeks, chaos -the space that is enclosed between sky and earth [χάος = χά(ϝ)ος =cavus = cave?]- does not mean disorder. Were they right? Fri, 05 Jul 2024 15:06:08 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1159 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1165 The notion of computational complexity is looked at as if it were a road along which we encounter several cognitive and operational obstacles. Some of these are difficult to anticipate, to prevent or solve. The study focuses on cases where the need to anticipate and solve is unavoidable. Three categories of such obstacles are discussed. The first refers to the precise meaning of 'cognitive complexity' and what kind of problems does it rise. Here the discussion is centred on extending tractability of problems by means of identifying and solving circularities whenever they occur. The second enlarges on the accurate translation or transfer of the cognitive complexity into the computational one. The third obstacle is encountered when tractability, and circularity in particular, become so unavoidable that they need be anticipated which, in turn, is a prerequisite of designing the research programmes of particularly complex problems. The problems considered to be extremely complex are those generated by 'scientifically-based human intervention'. Because of this, and the above technicalities, these problems are anything but disciplinary. A more precise idea of what means 'interdisciplinary' as a counterpart of 'undisciplinary' is given. The study aims at correcting a status quo which complexity-related tractability and circularity are either neglected or mistakenly regarded as a technicality such as the quantitative limit of computation. The far-reaching aim is to reconsider the legitimacy and the terms in which we think of a 'science of complexity', and the extent to which cybernetics - third-order cybernetics, eventually - becomes the very core of this science. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 15:17:00 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1165 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1171 This paper presents a synchronization-based, multi-process computational model of anticipatory systems called the Phase Web. It describes a self-organizing paradigm that explicitly recognizes and exploits the existence of a boundary between inside and outside, accepts and exploits intentionality, and uses explicit self-reference to describe eg. auto-poiesis. The model explicitly connects computation to a discrete Clifford algebraic formalization that is in turn extended into homology and co-homology, wherein the recursive nature of objects and boundaries becomes apparent and itself subject to hierarchical recursion. Topsy, a computer program embodying the Phase Web, is currently being readied for release. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 15:26:41 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1171 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1186 Modelling syllogistic - inferential processes in polyvalent logic by diachronic syllogistic structures, we realise their QUADRI DIMENSIONAL interpretation, in the paper, by relational - objectual - propertational chains convergent in diachronic spaces. Aristotle considered the definition the motor nerve of syllogistic deduction, the medium term being a definition. Leibnitz conceived the definition as the beginning and end of any demonstration, a demonstration being nothing but a chain of definition. The concept of structure, implying a topological relational approach designates the necessary relations between the elements of a system, invariant and independent of the elements, therefore formalizable the structure constituting an abstract model capable of making the rules, governing the transformations, rationally intelligible. Structuring the concepts and the assertions of scientific theories according to the rules of syllogistic definability and deductibility systems are obtained, which underlie the realization of the Universal Knowledge Basis. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 15:38:20 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1186 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1193 A method to sort out temporal correlations in financial data within the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) statistical method is used. Both linear and cubic detrendings are considered. Our findings are surprisingly similar to those for DNA sequences which appeared as a mosaic of coding and non-coding patches. Fri, 05 Jul 2024 15:46:35 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=1193 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=312 Fri, 21 Jun 2024 14:11:08 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=312