http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=295 Index terms fr 0 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=394 The main challenge of systems science is to elaborate a general transdisciplinary langage pertinent not only to describe and interpret systems of different natures physical, chemical, biological, social, cognitive, but also to understand their dynamics over a wide time scale, from their emergence, to their evolution toward complexity and autonomy. In this paper we present the main features of a metamodel that has been proposed recently in this context. We then use this language to investigate the evolution of the anticipative behavior of natural systems through the different stages of self-organization, self-regulation, autopoiesis, self-reference and autonomy. We show that their anticipative behavior begins with the first modes of circular causality, reaches a sort of apex with the anticipation capability of cognitive systems (like human beings), and then becomes irrelevant and meaningless with strictly autonomous systems which are identical with both their physical structure and their virtual possibles. Wed, 26 Jun 2024 15:44:15 +0200 Thu, 27 Jun 2024 10:57:33 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=394 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=291 One should not forget that the initial aim of the first builders of computers and scientists in Artificial Intelligence was to make "thinking machines". Today, people are more cautious about the nature of intelligence and the difference between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. Numerous definitions of thinking and of intelligence have been proposed. Nowadays, even consciousness, which has been taboo for a long time in the AI circles, begins to be discussed. In this paper, after a brief introduction about the different paradigms of the cognitive sciences in the last 50 years, we present the main features of a systemic holistic metamodel that has been proposed recently to interpret complex self-organizing systems evolving toward autonomy, like those found in biology, in the social and cognitive sciences. We then use this graphical language to show the specificity of living systems which is autopoiesis or selfproduction ; we then propose an interpretation of consciousness which is related to self-reference. Using these concepts, we then comment on the question raised in the title. Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:59:57 +0200 Thu, 20 Jun 2024 17:00:11 +0200 http://popups.lib.uliege.be/1373-5411/index.php?id=291