Heterarchical Cognitive Maps : Anticipatory System in Virtual Maze

It has been recognized that there are two kinds of cognitive maps, route map and survey map. Researchers recently have focused on the integration of both maps. The attempt to integrate them, however, entails a problem ; which type is prior to the other. This reveals an infinite regression. We propose that the paradoxical modality resulting from the integration can be expressed as a heterarchy, a dynamical hierarchical system. In the name of heterarchy, we stress negotiation among levels. If there is a discrepancy between levels, the expression of a level and interaction are destined to contain intrinsic indefiniteness. It reveals the negotiation. Route maps and survey maps are not integrated but negotiated, and those form a heterarchy. We conducted a particular experiment in which negotiations between route maps and survey maps were enhanced.